Different Types of Courts in Nigeria & Functions
There different types of court in Nigeria and they all have specific functions which we are going to be explaining to you in this article.
The Nigerian judicial system, as one of the federal government’s key branches, stands tall as the guardian and interpreter of the nation’s laws. Comprising eight distinct courts, each with specific roles and jurisdictions, the system plays a crucial role in resolving legal matters that find their way into the hallowed halls of justice.
1. Supreme Court of Nigeria: The Pinnacle (Original & Appellate Jurisdiction)
Nigeria’s highest court, the Supreme Court, commands both original and appellate jurisdiction. Functioning since the nation’s independence in 1963, it stands as the ultimate authority for appeals from subordinate federal courts and the highest state courts. With its decisions binding on all courts except the Federal High Court, the Supreme Court, headquartered in Abuja, consists of the Chief Justice of Nigeria and 21 justices.
Decisions rendered by the court are binding on all courts in Nigeria except the Supreme Court itself
2. Court of Appeal: Evaluating the Trial Landscape
The Court of Appeal, with seventy-two branches across Nigeria’s six zones, follows the Supreme Court in the judicial hierarchy. Tasked with reviewing trial court proceedings, it ensures correct trials, particularly in election-related matters and presidential terms. This crucial appellate court, situated in Abuja, stands as a safeguard for justice.
3. Federal High Court: Navigating Federal Territories
Taking its place as the third appellate court, the Federal High Court, spread across over fifteen states, holds sway over civil matters. Addressing issues concerning the Federal Government’s revenue, it oversees diverse areas, including taxation, customs, excise charges, banking, admiralty, and citizenship.
4. State High Court: Parallel to Federal High Court
Similar to the Federal High Court, State High Courts operate under the amended Section 255 of the 1999 Constitution. With a chief judge at the helm, they tackle both civil and criminal disputes, drawing jurisdiction from various lower courts.
5. National Industrial Court: Championing Economic Justice
Established in 1976, the National Industrial Court (NIC) specializes in economic laws, focusing on resolving trade disputes. Addressing grievances involving workers, employers, and trade unions, the NIC stands as a pivotal institution in Nigeria’s economic legal landscape.
6. Sharia Court of Appeal: Embracing Religious Jurisprudence
Functioning within the northern half of Nigeria, particularly in Sharia-practicing regions, the Sharia Court of Appeal interprets and reviews civil matters exclusively related to Islamic law. Led by a Grand Kadi, it plays a central role in the consolidated court system.
7. Customary Court of Appeal: Upholding Tradition
Designed to operate alongside the regular courts, the Customary Court of Appeal, established under constitutional provisions, deals specifically with civil disputes rooted in customary law. Each court, with a president and appointed judges, adds a layer to Nigeria’s diverse legal landscape.
8. Magistrate and District Courts: Grassroots Legal Resolution
Operating as lower division courts under state authority, Magistrate and District Courts, though not provided for in the constitution, are established by State Houses of Assembly. These courts, dealing with civil law matters, offer swift decisions at the grassroots level.
Conclusion: A Tapestry of Legal Institutions
In conclusion, the Nigerian judicial system weaves a tapestry of legal institutions, each contributing uniquely to the country’s legal framework. As we navigate this hierarchy, understanding the roles and jurisdictions of these courts sheds light on the complexities and nuances of Nigeria’s legal landscape. This comprehensive guide aims to provide clarity on the functions of each court, fostering a deeper appreciation for the intricate workings of justice in Nigeria.
